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Share on my studies and understanding on financial report analysis.

(p/s i was an engineering student ^^)

Warren Buffett Investment Approach

Buffett's philosophy on business investing is a modification of the value investing approach of his mentor Benjamin Graham. Graham bought companies because they were cheap compared to their intrinsic value. He was of the belief that as long as the market undervalued them relative to their intrinsic value he was making a solid investment. He reasoned that the market will eventually realize it has undervalued the company and will correct its course regardless of what type of business the company was in. In addition he believes that the business has to have solid economics behind it.

The following are some questions to determine what business to buy, based on the book Buffettology by Mary Buffett:

• Is the company in an industry of good economics, i.e., not an industry competing on price points.
  Does the company have a consumer monopoly or brand name that commands loyalty? Can any company with an abundance of resources compete successfully with the company?
  
• Are the earnings on an upward trend with good and consistent margins?
  
• Is the debt-to-equity ratio low or is the earnings-to-debt ratio high, i.e. can the company repay debt even in years when earnings are lower than average?
  
• Is ROE consistent over its history, more than 12%, and high compared to the industry average? Or does the company have high and consistent Return on Total Capital?
  
• Does the company retain earnings for growth?
  
• The business should not have high maintenance cost of operations, low capital expenditure or investment cash outflow. This is not the same as investing to expand capacity.
  
• Does the company reinvest earnings in good business opportunities? Does management have a good track record of profiting from these investments?
  
• Is the company free to adjust prices for inflation?
  

Buffett's next concern would be when to buy. He does not hurry to invest in businesses with undiscernible value. He will wait for market corrections or downturns to buy solid businesses at reasonable prices, since stock-market downturns present buying opportunities. He is conservative when greed and speculation is rampant in the market and he is greedy and aggressive when others are fearing for their capital. This contrarian strategy is what led Buffett's company through the Internet boom and bust without significant damage, although critics have also noted that it may have led Berkshire to miss out on potential opportunities during the same period.

Then he asks at what price is the business a bargain, and his answer typically is when it provides a higher rate of compounded return relative to other available investment opportunities.

Buffett has coined the term "economic moat," preferring to acquire companies that possess sustainable competitive advantages over their competitors.

Warren Buffett's letters to shareholders are a very valuable source in understanding his investment style and outlook.

From warrenbuffett.com

The World's Billionaires #2 Warren Buffett (as of Oct 2007 by Forbes)

Age: 76

Fortune: self made

Source: Berkshire Hathaway

Net Worth: USD$52.0 bil (Net Worth: USD42.0 bil in 2006)

Country Of Citizenship: United States

Residence: Omaha, Nebraska , United States, North America

Industry: Investments

Marital Status: married, 3 children

Education: University of Nebraska Lincoln, Bachelor of Arts / Science
Columbia University, Master of Science
Nation's most beloved investor married longtime girlfriend Astrid Menks on his 76th birthday last August. Had long promised to give away his fortune posthumously. Then last June announced he had irrevocably earmarked the majority of his Berkshire Hathaway shares to charity. At the time the gift was worth $31 billion; believed to be the largest gift in history, it will go mostly to the Gates Foundation. Son of Nebraska politician delivered newspapers as a boy. Filed first tax return at age 13; claimed $35 deduction for bicycle. Studied under value-investing guru Benjamin Graham at Columbia, learned to hunt for undervalued stocks. Bought control of textile firm Berkshire Hathaway 1965; added insurance underwriting for the investable float. Today holding company has insurance (Geico, General Re), apparel (Fruit of the Loom), utilities (MidAmerican Energy), home furnishings (R.C. Willey). Also has noncontrolling stakes in Anheuser-Busch, Coca-Cola, Wells Fargo. Despite gifts, the Oracle of Omaha is $10 billion richer than last year: Berkshire stock up 22% in past 12 months.

Distribution of Billionaires by Residence
Diameter of disc reflects size of fortune. The red disc indicates Warren Buffett

From forbes.com

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提示：从右方列表选取影集，右击滑鼠选取第一指令播放。
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警告：您将被要求安裝插件，以便播放影集！ 無惡意插件！

你的钱多少年可以翻一番

如果你现在有20万元的现金类资产，假设你的年投资收益为15%，实现翻番达到40万元需要多少年?这时很多人会说，大概需要七、八年吧。但实际呢，计算复利因素，只需要4.8年便能从20万变成40万！这其中有一个理财的72法则。也就是说本金翻一番所需时间(年)＝72÷年收益(不计百分号)。

现在我们计算一下目前通过正常投资途径实现翻番目标所需要的时间。

1、储蓄。当前一年期的定期存款利率为2.25%，税后为1.8%，假设利率保持不变，则本金翻一番所需时间:72÷1.8＝40年。

2、国债。因为国债很少有一年期的，所以我们以加息后的三年期凭证式国债计算，利率为3.37%，本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷3.37＝21年。

3、开放式基金。当前开放式基金的业绩虽然良莠不齐，但也有诸多业绩优秀的基金，如果选择一只好的基金，其回报率为8%，则本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷8＝9年。

如果选择了大部分的基金，其回报率为2.5%,则本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷2.5＝28.8年

如果不幸选择了一只亏损基金,只能期望保本了

4、货币基金。货币基金的年平均收益率一般为2.8%左右，本金翻一番需要的时间则为:72÷2.8＝25.7年。

5、信托。时下信托产品非常热销，年利率大约为4.8%，购买信托产品，本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷4.8＝15年。

但一定选择资产和资信度极强的担保公司。

6、人民币理财。除了股份制银行外，目前各国有专业银行也推出了人民币理财产品，以2005年2月1日建行推出的"利得盈"为例，其1年期产品的年收益为3.03%，本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷3.03＝23.7年。

7，保险理财。近年各保险公司陆续推出带有寿险保障的理财类产品--万能寿险。具有终身保底；复利计息；缴存灵活等特点。以友邦保险万能寿险--智尊宝为例：按照当前公布的平均利率3.2%计算,本金翻一番所需的时间:72÷3.2＝22.5年。

从以上数据可以看出，银行储蓄翻番的时间最长，需要40年！因此，要想实现家财的增值，就要转变传统的"有钱存银行"的老观念，根据自己的风险承受能力，尽量选择收益高的理财产品。以人民币理财为例，很多人认为它和定期储蓄的收益差不了一两个百分点，但你别忘了，收益高一个百分点，本金翻番的时间就能缩短15年。所以，在打理家财上应当锱铢必较，分厘不让。

中国投资理财网

巴菲特简介

1930年8月30日，沃伦.巴菲特出生于美国内布拉斯加州的奥马哈市。

1931年，刚刚跨入11岁，他便跃身股海，购买了平生第一张股票。

1947年，巴菲特进入宾夕法尼亚大学攻读财务和商业管理。但他学得教授们的空头理论不过瘾，两年后便不辞而别，辗转考入哥伦比亚大学金融系，拜师于著名投资学理论学本
杰明.格雷厄姆。在格雷厄姆门下，巴菲特如鱼得水。格雷厄姆反投机，主张通过分析企业的赢利情况、资产情况及未来前景等因素来评价股票。他教授给巴菲特丰富的知识和决窍。富有天才的巴菲特很快成了格雷厄姆的得意门生。

1950年巴菲特申请哈佛大学被拒之门外。

1951年，21岁的巴菲特学成毕业的时候，他获得最高A+。

1957年，巴菲特掌管的资金达到30万美元，但年末则升至50万美元。

1962年，巴菲特合伙人公司的资本达到了720万美元，其中有100万是属于巴菲特个人的。当时他将几个合伙人企业合并成一个“巴菲特合伙人有限公司”。最小投资额扩大到10万美元。情况有点像现在中国的私募基金或私人投资公司。

1964年，巴菲特的个人财富达到400万美元，而此时他掌管的资金已高达2200万美元。

1966年春，美国股市牛气冲天，但巴菲特却坐立不安尽管他的股票都在飞涨，但却发现很难再找到符合他的标准的廉价股票了。虽然股市上疯行的投机给投机家带来了横财，但巴菲特却不为所动，因为他认为股票的价格应建立在企业业绩成长而不是投机的基础之上。

1967年10月，巴菲特掌管的资金达到6500万美元。

1968年，巴菲特公司的股票取得了它历史上最好的成绩：增长了59%，而道·琼斯指数才增长了9%。巴菲特掌管的资金上升至1亿零400万美元，其中属于巴菲特的有2500万美元。

1968年5月，当股市一片凯歌的时候，巴菲特却通知合伙人，他要隐退了。随后，他逐渐清算了巴菲特合伙人公司的几乎所有的股票。

1969年6月，股市直下，渐渐演变成了股灾，到1970年5月，每种股票都要比上年初下降50%，甚至更多，

1970年-1974年间，美国股市就像个泄了气的皮球，没有一丝生气，持续的通货膨胀和低增长使美国经济进入了“滞胀”时期。然而，一度失落的巴菲特却暗自欣喜异常因为他看到了财源即将滚滚而来──他发现了太多的便宜股票。

1972年，巴菲特又盯上了报刊业，因为他发现拥有一家名牌报刊，就好似拥有一座收费桥梁，任何过客都必须留下买路钱。1973年开始，他偷偷地在股市上蚕食《波士顿环球》和《华盛顿邮报》，他的介入使《华盛顿邮报》利润大增，每年平均增长35%。10年之后，巴菲特投入的1000万美元升值为两个亿。

1980年，他用1.2亿美元、以每股10.96美元的单价，买进可口可乐7 %的股份。到1985年，可口可乐改变了经营策略，开始抽回资金，投入饮料生产。其股票单价已长至51.5美元，翻了5倍。至于赚了多少，其数目可以让全世界的投资家咋舌。

1992年中巴费特以74美元一股购下435万股美国高技术国防工业公司——通用动力公司的股票，到年底股价上升到113元。巴费特在半年前拥有的32，200万美元的股票已值49，100万美元了

1994年底已发展成拥有230亿美元的伯克希尔工业王国，它早已不再是一家纺纱厂，它已变成巴菲特的庞大的投资金融集团。从1965-1994年，巴菲特的股票平均每年增值26.77%，高出道.琼斯指数近17个百分点。如果谁在1965年投资巴菲特的公司10000美元的话，到1994年，他就可得到1130万美元的回报，也就是说，谁若在30年前选择了巴菲特，谁就坐上了发财的火箭。

2000年3月11日，巴菲特在伯克希尔公司的网站上公开了今年的年度信件——一封沉重的信。数字显示，巴菲特任主席的投资基金集团伯克希尔公司，去年纯收益下降了45%，从28.3亿美元下降到15.57亿美元。伯克希尔公司的A股价格去年下跌20%，是90年代的唯一一次下跌；同时伯克希尔的账面利润只增长0.5%，远远低于同期标准普尔21的增长，是1980年以来的首次落后。